土木工程毕业设计英文翻译论文
Structural Forms
Structural forms, such as the beam or the arch ,have developed through the ages in relation to the availability of materials and the technology of the time. The arch, for instance, undoubtedly developed as a result of the availability of brick. In the technology of buildings .every structure must work against gravity ,which tends to pull everything down to the ground .A balance must therefore be attained between the force of gravity ,the shape of the structure ,and the strength of the material used. To provide a cover over a sheltered space and permit openings in the walls that surround it ,builders have developed four techniques are post and lintel, arch and vault, truss, and cantilever construction.
办公楼设计开题报告
随着经济技术的发展，生活水平的提高，人们对建筑产品不仅要求安全、经济，还要其经济、美观。框架建筑也就随之应运而生，近些年来框架建筑在世界各地有了很大发展，许多城市普遍新建包括办公楼、厂房、商场和住宅等各种类型的框架建筑。在其中办公楼的发展日新月异，它的设计有很强的时代性、技术性，它与现代信息技术和经济发展有着密切联系。随着经济的发展和城市化进程的加快，大量人口涌入城市，此时框架的办公楼为人们提高了足够的工作空间。同时框架结构不仅承载力大、自重轻和抗震性能好，而且其造价低、材料来源广、耐火性好、构刚度大。随着我国经济社会的发展，近年来我国办公楼的需求量也将会随之增加。
设计在结构方案上的选择为框架结构，一般框架结构体系由板、梁、柱以及基础四部分承重构件组成，由主梁、柱、基础构成平面框架，各平面框架在由连续梁连成空间结构体系。文献【1】认为在合理的高度和层数情况下，框架结构能提供足够的建筑空间，其平面布置比较灵活，可适合多种工艺和使用功能的要求。文献【12】框架结构的布置应该对称、均匀，减少抗侧移刚度中与水平荷载合力作用线的距离，减少结构重心和刚度重心之间的距离，以减少结构发生扭转。框架结构房屋在平面一般横向尺寸较短，纵向尺寸较长，横向刚度较纵向刚度弱。当将框架结构横向布置
土木工程毕业设计英文翻译论文
Underground Space Utilization
The rapid growth of world civilization will have a significant impact on the way humans live in the future. As the global population increases and more countries demand a higher standard of living, the difficulty of doing this is compounded by three broad trends: the conversion of agricultural land to development uses; the increasing urbanization of the world`s population; and growing concern for the maintenance and improvement of the environment, especially regarding global warming and the impact of population growth. Underground space utilization, as this chapter describes, offers opportunities for helping address these trends.